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A Musician’s Productivity in Numbers: a case study in an interdisciplinary show

Research, Teaching, Uncategorized, , ,

Introduction

How much time and energy does a musician spend on an interdisciplinary project? A three-month-long production period does not equal 90+ days of labor. How many days are spent on music, and how many of them are spent on meetings with the collaborators? How much of the music created for the show ends up in the show? I ask myself these questions to better understand the practical role of a music creator in a project involving performing artists of other fields. Answers to these questions require measurable data, such as the total working days and total minutes of music composed. These numbers lead to an insight into the productivity of music creators.

In 2023, Artlab J, Detroit Puppet Company, and I created a one-hour show titled Objects at Play (video link). It was a non-verbal dance and puppet show aimed at young audiences. The first meeting was on February 18, 2023, and the show premiered on May 27, 2023, at the Detroit Film Theatre. I recorded my production process from the start of the project to study my collaboration productivity.  I gathered and organized the data according to the numbers I worked and the minutes of music I produced as I composed, recorded, and mixed music. The analysis and statistics revealed that a fraction of the total collaborative period is spent on person-to-person interaction. About two-thirds of the total music communicated with the collaborators ended up in the show. 

There are three limitations to this article. 

  1. I am sharing my work process as a solo electronic musician who could compose and share music without other musicians. The workflow described in the following section may not apply to performers or composers of non-electronic genres. 
  2. No similar data were collected from the collaborators of Objects at Play. Comparison of productivity across the discipline was outside the plan. 
  3. The analysis focuses on the practical aspects of collaboration. There will be no aesthetic discussion of Objects at Play. 

Data gathering 

I used a production diary consisting of a web folder with a session log, screenshots, and photos to record the project’s progress. In the SessionLog text file, I briefly described the work I have done in a workday.  Each entry has links to photos of hand-written notes or screenshots of the hard drive folder containing music files used for the project. The screenshots function as a reminder of content changes in music tracks. The Old Versions folder in the screenshots contains obsolete or rejected session files. I kept these files to calculate the amount of music that had not been used at the premiere.

Work Routine

The creative team of me, choreographer Joori Jung of ArtLab J, and theater director Carrie Morris of Detroit Puppet Company shared a Google Drive folder for remote communication and file transfer. The team worked on multiple projects, so daily or weekly meeting was not an option. The list below shows how I worked on the project in this context as a musician.

  1. The first in-person meeting with Joori and Carrie was on 2/16.  The three discussed the overall vision of the piece. 
  2. After meeting #1, I worked on short and independent tracks that could match the to-be-developed scenes. 
  3. I shared nine music tracks with the collaborators via Google Drive before the second meeting.
  4. At the second meeting on 3/9, Joori and Carrie shared their work-in-progress scenes. The directors also shared current music tracks-to-scene placement. 
  5. After meeting #2, I made five additional tracks. I also revised and expanded the tracks used in the scenes.
  6. I shared the updated tracks with the collaborators before the third meeting.
  7. At the third meeting on 4/25, the directors shared new tracks-to-scene placement. The deadline for the final version of the music was set. 
  8. After meeting #3, I made three additional tracks. I continued revising and mixing the tracks to a presentable form.
  9. I delivered the final versions of the tracks. The directors and performers continued working on the project until the premiere on 5/27, but I did not create more music for the show.
  10. Separate from the theater premiere, I worked on a 14-track album with edits suited for audio-only release. It was published on Bandcamp a day after the premiere.

Note that I had the aesthetic decisions in creating music, but the directors in charge of movement and stage decided the music’s length, order, and selection. Unlike solo projects, the decisions that drove the project forward were not mine by design. 

Data Organization

I organized the information in the production diary into two categories. The first category traces how allocations of the music track to one of the seven scenes change after the collaborator meeting. The second category is statistics on days worked and the amount of music produced. 

Tracks-to-Scene Organization

Figure 1 shows how each track I made and shared with the collaborators changed their use throughout the project. The blocks with letters A to Q represent 17 tracks with independent musical themes. I composed the first nine drafts after the first meeting, five after the second meeting, and three more after the third meeting. These tracks were available as separate mp3 files on Google Drive for the choreographer and the theater director.

<Figure 1>

The middle column represents the tracks-to-scene assignment after the second collaborators’ meeting. Four scenes needed new music. The two scenes required a combination of tracks. All tracks needed expansion and revisions in terms of the music’s length and formal development. Note that four out of the nine tracks shared before the second meeting were rejected.

The right column represents a revised tracks-to-scene assignment after the third meeting. It became the final version. Some tracks included in the previous version, such as tracks A and L, ended up being excluded from the show. All but one rejected track after the second meeting came back as a part of Scenes 5 and 6. Track M changed its function from the theme of Scene 6 to the finale of Scene 5. 

Productivity Analysis 

I measured the amount of work by the days I spent on the project and the length of music created and shared with the directors. There are 102 days from the initial meeting on 2/16 to the album premiere on 5/28. According to the production diary,

  • I worked 37 days on this project  (36.3% of total project days).
  • I met with collaborators in-person for 3 days (8.1% of the working days, 3% of total project days).
  • I did not record the minutes I worked on each day, so I cannot calculate the hours I worked on.

In terms of the total amount of music, I gathered the following from screenshots and project files.

  • 14 out of 17 tracks made it to the show (82.4%).
  • The total amount of music communicated with the collaborators was 11474 seconds consisting of 34 drafts (figure 2).  
  • The premiere used 3319 seconds of music (figure 3). That is 28.9% of the music communicated with the collaborators. 
  • The project used a total of 14.1GB in the hard drive. The files were Logic Pro sessions, SuperCollider files, and audio recordings of me playing a melodica. 

<Figure 2>

<Figure 3>

Interpretation of the Data 

The collaborative process is about quickly adopting and adapting to changes. My role as a music composer was to react to the developing dance and puppetry. It meant constant addition, elimination, and revision. 14 out of 17 tracks making it into the final version looks like a satisfactory rate, but it is less than a third of the music shared with the collaborators. At the same time, once-rejected music can become useful if the circumstances change. Keeping the Old Versions folder intact was a strategically right decision. 

I worked on the project for about a third of the total project period and waited for collaborators to develop their part asynchronously to my music production schedule. Waiting is part of the process for musicians in interdisciplinary projects. It is possible to have time to work on a separate project while engaged in a long-term collaboration. 

Notice that I did not discuss budget and fees in this article. The amount of time and energy spent on a project does not account for the creator’s previous experience and skill. 30 days I spent on Objects at Play could have been 90 days of work for some or 10 days of work for others. My productivity analysis is not a suggestion for budgeting or calculating artist fees. Its object is to be a reference for a better collaborative practice.

847 Twins – Brief Analysis

Compositions, Influences, Research, Teaching, , , ,

The production of 847 Twins, the title track in the album Fan Art, is documented in four sections. The first section, Program, is a one-paragraph description of the music written for a concert booklet or album promotion. I share information and thoughts that may help listeners enjoy the music. The second section, Form, is for the creators who want to learn how I used electronic sounds in composition. The third section, Code, is for the technologists who want to learn how I designed the piece in SuperCollider, a code-based audio app. Links to the code are available here. The last part, Anecdote, has extra narrative relevant to 847 Twins but is optional to enjoy the piece.

If preferred, read this article in PDF format.

Program

847 Twins is a two-movement piece based on harmonic progressions of Prelude & Fugue in C Minor by J.S. Bach. An electronic remake of Bach is a well-known practice pioneered by Wendy Carlos and Pierre Schaeffer (Switched-On Bach & Bilude). I learned so much from reading and listening to their works. J.S. Bach is also my hero composer. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to dedicate a song to my musical cornerstones in an album about fandom.

Listen to the tracks linked below before reading the next sections.

The tracks are available on other major platforms at  https://noremixes.com/nore048/

Form

Mvt I. Pluck

Pluck and Blip, the two movements of 847 Twins, algorithms written in SuperCollider use the harmonic progression of the Prelude in BWV 847. The downloadable code, 847_Pluck.scd, generates randomized voicing patterns played by a guitar-like synth. Below is a step-by-step explanation of how the composition process. 

  1. Design an electronic string instrument. Each note of this instrument is detuned at a different ratio every time the string is “plucked.” The note’s duration, dynamic, string stiffness, and pan position also vary randomly. 
  2. Using the instrument in Step 1, strum a chord with notes at a measure in BWV 847. Unlike a guitar, a strum of a chord can have multiple pan, accents, and note durations due to the randomization in Step 1.
  3. Each measure of BWV 847 is played four times before advancing to the next measure.
  4. Add a bass part with gradually increasing loudness. It plays the lowest note in the corresponding measure. 
  5. Add the intro and the outro for a better form. They are not quoted from BWV 847.

In short, the first movement of 847 Twins is a reinterpretation of BWV 847 featuring an imaginary string instrument and a synth bass. I loved how Bach created exciting music with a predictable rhythmic pattern. The key was harmony and voicings. I wanted to emphasize that aspect with an additional layer of dynamics articulations in Pluck. The added bass line, which imitates the “left hand” of basso continuo, fills in the low-frequency spectrum of the piece. The bass part is best experienced with a headphone or a subwoofer. 

Mvt II. Blip

The first movement lacked elements of counterpoint, so I tried to make an electronic polyphony in the second movement. In Blip, each measure has 3-6 parts playing different phrases derived from a measure in BWV 847. The phrase shape, the number of voices, and articulation are determined randomly at every measure and create a disjunct yet relative form. Schaeffer’s Bilude explores this idea by combining piano performance and recorded sounds.   

Below is my process of creating a random phrase generator. Please run 847_Blip.scd to hear the piece.

  1. Create a list of pitch sets by reducing repeating notes in each measure of BVW 847.
  2. Make three different synth sounds.
  3. Make a phrase generator that uses the list in Step 1 and synths from Step 2. The instrument choices, phrase length, note subdivisions, and articulations are randomized. The SuperCollider code also has the option to generate a rhythmic variation (i.e., insert rest instead of a note). 
  4. Make a polyphony generator that spawns the phrase generator described in Step 3. The number of polyphonic voices and their octave transpositions are random. 
  5. Play and record Step 4 twice. Then, import the tracks to a DAW. Insert a reverb plugin on one track. The reverb should be 100% wet. 
explanation of analysis
explanation of analysis

The algorithm described above creates different timbres, polyphonic patterns, and the number of voicings at every measure. Furthermore, every rendition of the SuperCollider code makes a unique version of Blip. One measure can be a duet of two-note phrases, and the following measure can be an octet of eight phrases played in a four-octave range. The room sound created by the DAW reverb plugin doesn’t reflect the source, but it sounds similar enough to be heard as part of a whole. 

Code

Mvt I. Pluck

The SuperCollider file for Pluck consists of seven parts. Please download and use 847_Pluck_Analysis.scd to hear and modify each part. Make sure to run the line s.options.memSize=8192*16 to allocate enough memory. 

  • SynthDefs: SynthDef(“Gtr”) uses a Karplus-Strong physical model with controllable pan, frequency, stiffness, amplitude, and duration. SynthDef(“Bass”) makes a sinusoid tone with a percussive amplitude envelope. The UGen Lag.kr smoothens the sharp transient of the amplitude envelope. 
  • ~onenote: this function uses two SynthDef(“Gtr”) to create a detuned note. The amount of detuning is randomized along with other parameters of the SynthDef.
  • ~stroke: this function creates instances of ~onenote with pitches specified in the ~chords array.  ~chords is a collection of all the notes in the Bach Prelude, categorized and indexed by measure number. The order of the notes in a measure is random.  ~stroke plays the chord in sequence or reverse to simulate a guitar’s up and down stroke motions. 
  • ~strums: this function continuously triggers ~stroke. The global variable ~pulse determines the tempo. ~strumsend function is used once for the ending. 
  • ~clock: this function changes the chord progression at time intervals set by the global variable ~mdur. It also changes the parameters of ~strums by altering the values of global variables ~mm, ~accent, ~volume, ~notedur, and ~stiff. Note that both ~strums and ~clock functions must run simultaneously for a correct chord progression. 
  • ~bassline: this function plays SynthDef(“Bass”) a few seconds after the start of the piece. It uses the if condition to change the rhythmic pattern. The line pitch=~chords.at(count).sort.at(0) picks the lowest note of each measure as a bass note.
  • SystemClock: this scheduler syncs ~strums, ~clock, and ~bassline to play a version of Pluck. Every rendition of SystemClock will make a new variation of the track.    

Mvt II. Blip

The SuperCollider file for Blip consists of four interconnected parts. Please download and run 847_Blip_Analysis.scd to hear each part.

  • SynthDefs: The three SynthDefs, PBeep, TBeep, and SBeep, are all slightly detuned percussive instruments featuring a classic oscillator waveform, such as sine, triangle, and pulsewidth. 
  • ~phrase: this function creates a short melodic pattern based on pitch sets received from global variable ~arp. It controls which SynthDef to use, amplitude, phrase length, note duration, and transposition. The last two arguments activate or deactivate that random rhythm generation and arpeggio pattern variation.  
  • ~section: this function duplicates ~phrase. The number of ~phrase and octave transpositions are randomized. The function also makes further variations on amplitude, note duration, and panning.
  • The Routine in the last section uses the ~piece array as a cue list with details on when and how to trigger the ~section. The array ~chords is a list of all the notes in corresponding measures of the Bach Prelude. The Routine also sends a changing pitch set from ~chords to ~phrase via the global variable ~arp.

Anecdote

847 Twins does not use the Adagio section of the Prelude and Fugue. When composing the first movement, I could not transition from a constant 16th-note drive to a free and improvisational ending. I tried to address this incompleteness by writing a complementary movement, Blip, but it did not work out. I made a satisfying solution six months after completing 847 Twins by incorporating an instrument I could improvise aptly and freely. Nim6tet, the sixth track in Fan Art, has six layers of no-input mixer improvisation guided by the chord progressions of the Adagio section. It shamelessly shows off no-input mixer sounds I can not create with other instruments. 

It took many attempts in the period of 1.5 years to finish three tracks about the first half of BWV847. The electronic interpretation of the Fugue part is a puzzle yet to be solved.

More Analysis and Tutorials

Updated on 4/13/2023

End Credits – Brief Analysis

Compositions, , ,

End Credits, a fixed media composition included in the Fan Art album, is documented in five sections.  The first section, Program, is the program note to be included in a concert booklet or album promotion. I share information and thoughts that may help listeners to appreciate the music better. The second section, Form, is for the creators who want to learn how I used electronic instruments to create a complete piece. The third section, Code, is for the technologists who wish to understand how I coded the piece. Musicians familiar with code-based apps like SuperCollider and Max will benefit from analyzing the code. In the fourth section, Inspirations, I share why I chose to write the piece. The content is too personal to be on the program.  The last part, Uniquely Electronic, is a bonus section featuring sounds and ideas I could not express in an album format. Fan Art is available as streaming stereo tracks, but they are originally designed for multi-channel sound installation. The last section provides resources to realize songs in Fan Art at full capacity.

A PDF Version of this article is also available.

Program 

End Credits is an algorithmic composition based on the harmonic progression of Debussy’s Clair de Lune. The SuperCollider code written for the piece generates notes with unique overtones, and the overall sound reminds me of organ music at viewings. My friend and I joke about writing each other’s farewell music, and I got one for him now. If he doesn’t like it, I will use it as my exit theme.

Listen at Other platforms https://noremixes.com/nore048/ 

Form 

End Credits uses the harmony of Debussy’s Clair de Lune. The downloadable SuperCollider code, EndCredits.scd,  makes sound according to the following instruction.

  1. Choose a list containing all notes present in measure x.
  2. Scramble the order of the notes.
  3. Play notes at random timing. There is a 50% chance of two notes being played simultaneously.
  4. When all notes in the list are used, move to measure x+1.
  5. Repeat steps 1-4 in slow tempo (quarter note = 3.6 seconds). End Credit uses harmonic progressions from mm1 to mm27 of Clair de Lune.  

EndCredits.scd code also generates each note according to the following instruction.

  1. Make a sine tone with randomized slow vibrato and tremolo using two LFOs. Randomize amplitude envelope, LFO rate, LFO amount, and pan positions. 
  2. Make a single note by combining 5 sounds made in Step 1. Then, randomize each note’s positions, frequencies, and pan positions to make a slightly detuned note with a wide stereo image. 
  3. Make a single note with a random number of overtones using the note generated in Step 2. The note’s duration is also random but is almost always longer than a quarter note (3.6 seconds).

The resulting sound is an imaginary organ capable of changing the stops at every note. The instrument also seems to have multiple sustain pedals.

The compositional objective of making End Credits is akin to minimalism. I wanted to create a simple process that yields unexpectedly delightful sounds. So I simply made an ambient piece using additive synthesis and traditional harmony with computer-aided instructions. There’s no new technology or concept, but we create new sounds by combining old ideas. 

Code

EndCredits.scd, the SuperCollider file I made to generate the album version of End Credits,  has the following sections.

  • SynthDef (“Cell”): makes a sine tone with controlled random values
  • ~note: make a note event using SynthDef(“Cell”)
  • ~chords: an arrayed collection of note numbers representing harmonic contents.
  • ~event: play one measure using ~note with pitches  in ~chords
  • SystemClock: play the music 

To make sense of this section, open EndCredits_Analysis.scd on SuperCollider and refer to the code while reading the next sections. The analysis .scd file has simplified working codes. 

SynthDef(“Cell”) 

End Credit uses one SynthDef featuring two  LFOs, one ASR envelope, and one stereo sine tone generator. By playing two instances of SynthDef(“Cell”) with slight pitch differences, we can make a simple detuned sound. The codes in section //1. “Cell” without randomness shows the simplest form of the instrument. The actual SynthDef used in the piece is in //2. “Cell” with randomness. It applies ranged random values to give varieties in amplitude envelope’s attack and release time, LFO’s frequency, phase, amplitude, and pan position. 

~note

~note is a function with the following parameters.

~note.(pitch in MIDI number, duration (sec), volume (0-1), number of overtones);

By providing a number for each parameter, ~note creates a tone with a varying number of detuned overtones. As we can observe in //3. ~notes,  loops (.do) and ranged random number generators (rrand) were extensively used. Try to run the following line on SuperCollider to hear the difference. Notice that the sounds are not identical when the codes are re-evaluated.

~note.(50,10,0.3,1); //no partials

~note.(50,10,0.3,5); //some partials

~note.(50,10,0.3,10); //many partials

~chords and ~event

~chords is an array of interval values representing the notes in a measure in Clair de Lune.  As evident in //4. ~chords,   method .scramble is at the end of every measure to randomize the sequence order. For analysis purposes, only three lists are inside ~chords. 

~event plays ~notes according to the pitch choices in ~chords. One measure in End Credit is thus generated with the following parameter

~event.(measure index number, note duration factor, amplitude, overtones, harmony probability (0-1.0))

As we can observe in //5. ~event, the note duration factor is a multiplier for each note’s duration. The larger the number, the longer the note duration, resulting in a sustain pedal-like effect. The overtone amount also gets a slight randomization for variety. The last parameter, harmony probability, can control the chance of the following note being played simultaneously. 

SystemClock

Codes in //6. SystemClock is responsible for putting everything together to produce audible sounds. The section uses Routine to make ~event go through all the measures provided in ~chords. SystemClock provides a 2-second silence, a little pause before listening to everything. 

Inspirations

I composed End Credits n February 2021, the end of strict COVID-19 isolation days. I must have been listening to Debussy recordings often to keep myself together. Clair de Lune’s lowest note, Eb in mm15, felt like the most beautiful piano note then. The timing was perfect, and it resonated with the piano’s body and the listener’s mind. I wanted to recreate that in an electronic music context. So, I created a sound that imitates the slight detune of the low range of the piano. Then, perhaps due to COVID blues, I instructed the computer to play those sounds in blurry and slow motion.  

Uniquely Electronic

End Credit has two playback modes: ~onetime or ~infinite. The one-time version with a fixed duration (8:26) is available on major distribution platforms for listening, and any media player can play it. The installation version goes on indefinitely with varied timbre, timing, and duration. The listener will need to run EndCredits_infinite.scd on SuperCollider. Let it run for hours on solemn and not-so-happy occasions!

More Analysis and Tutorials

Updated on 4/13/2023